Mechanism of Ferroptosis in Myocardial Cells and Protective Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Ferroptosis is a new type of programmed cell death， characterized by iron overload and lipid peroxidation. Cardiovascular disease （CVD） is an ischemic or hemorrhagic disease of the heart caused by various factors， mainly including myocardial infarction， heart failure， etc. Ferroptosis is involved in the process of myocardial cell damage and plays a driving role in the progression of various CVDs. Its main mechanisms include the destruction of iron homeostasis， the production of reactive oxygen species， the disorder of the antioxidant system， mitochondrial membrane damage， endoplasmic reticulum stress， tumor suppressor gene p53， transcription factor Nrf2 pathway， etc. Myocardial injury is one of the causes of death in many patients with heart disease. Monomers or compounds of traditional Chinese medicine have shown good effects in the treatment of myocardial cell injury caused by ferroptosis， including baicalin protecting cardiac microvascular endothelial cells of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion （I/R） rats through intracellular phosphatidylinositol kinase/phosphokinase B/endothelial nitric oxide synthase （PI3K/Akt/eNOS） pathway， Aralia elata saponin inhibiting myocardial cell ferroptosis through glucocorticoid receptor/p53/solute carrier family 7 members 11 （NR3C1/p53/SLC7A11） pathway， Xinyang tablets improving oxidative stress by regulating phosphorylated serine/threonine protein kinase/stress-activated protein kinase/p53 （MLK3/JNK/p53） signaling pathway. It is of great significance to explore the mechanism of ferroptosis and the protective effect of related traditional Chinese medicine after myocardial cell injury. This article reviews the mechanism of ferroptosis and its relationship with myocardial cells， as well as traditional Chinese medicine monomers and formulas for treating CVDs through the ferroptosis pathway. The article focuses on the pathways and effects of traditional Chinese medicine treatment， so as to provide a reference for the treatment of CVDs with traditional Chinese medicine.

Impact of color vision deficiency on the quality of life in a sample of Indian population: Application of the CVD-QoL tool

Purpose: To investigate the quality of life (QoL) in a sample of color vision deficit (CVD) patients in India and how color vision deficiency affects them psychologically, economically, and in productivity related to their work and occupation. Methods: A descriptive and case–control study design using a questionnaire was conducted on N = 120 participants, of whom 60 were patients of CVD (52 male and eight female) who visited two eye facilities in Hyderabad between 2020 and 2021 and 60 were age?matched normal color vision participants who served as controls. We validated English–Telugu adapted version of CVD?QoL, developed by Barry et al. in 2017 (CB?QoL). The CVD?QoL consists of 27 Likert?scale items with factors (lifestyle, emotions, and work). Color vision was assessed using the Ishihara and Cambridge Mollen color vision tests. A six?point Likert scale was used, with lower scores indicating poor QoL (from 1 = severe issue to 6 = no problem). Results: The CVD?QoL questionnaire’s reliability and internal consistency were measured, including Cronbach’s ? (? =0.70–0.90). There was no significance between the group in age (t = ?1.2, P = 0.67) whereas the Ishihara colour vision test, scores showed a significant difference (t = 4.50, P < 0.001). The QoL scores showed a significant difference towards lifestyle, emotions and work (P = 0.001). The CVD group had a poorer QoL score than the normal color vision group odds ratio [OR] =0.31, 95% confidence interval [CI], (P = 0.002, CI = 0.14–0.65, Z = 3.0) . In this analysis, a low CI indicated that the OR was more precise. Conclusion: Color vision deficiency affects Indians’ QoL, according to this study. The mean scores of lifestyle, emotions, and work were lower than the UK sample. Since CVD is underreported and possibly affects developing countries more, advocacy for a new health care plan on CVD is essential. Increasing public understanding and awareness could also help diagnosing the CVD population

PREVALENCE AND PATTERN OF DYSLIPIDEMIA AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS

A study of Lipid profile in CKD patient is subject of interest due to impact on the individual and society as dyslipidaemia is one of the traditional risk factors for CVD which is responsible for most of the morbidity & mortality in CKD patient. And its study can lead to therapeutical result affecting both short term and long-term outcomes. To identify and analyse lipid AIMS & OBJECTIVE - alteration in CKD patients and study the correlation between renal function and lipid abnormalities in CKD Our study is hospital METHODS – based descriptive observational study for duration of 18 months. Study included 100 patients RESULTS – in which mean age was 51.88 and male to female ratio of 1.5:1. Prevalence of Lipid Profile abnormalities seen as HDL decreased in 100% patient and Cholesterol, LDL, Triglyceride increased in 40%, 24%, 64% patients respectively Dyslipidaemia is common among pa CONCLUSION - tients with CKD and predominant lipid profile abnormalities were reduced HDL and elevated Triglycerides. Hence regular monitoring of lipid profile should be done in patients of CKD

A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in police personnel of Karimnagar mandal

Introduction: Many studies showed that police officers complained about physical and mental health issues due to job stress. These work stresses lead to adop?ng unhealthy lifestyles and habits including the harmful use of alcohol and tobacco use which leads to high blood pressure, heart a?acks, and other NCDs. Methods: This cross-sec?onal study included all male police personnel of all cadres from nine police sta?ons of Karimnagar Mandal. WHO STEPS NCD survey ques?onnaires were used to collect basic soci-demographic informa?on, clinical history, stress, and anthropometry for measurements of CVD risk factors. Result: 253 police personnel with a mean age of 41.09 years enrolled from all cadres. 152 (60%) of police personnel had mul?ple cardiovascular risk factors. Hypercholesterolemia (37.2%) followed by a sedentary lifestyle (30.8%), and diabetes mellitus (14.6%) were important findings in this study. This study has also revealed an important link between preceding condi?ons for developing cardiovascular diseases such as pre-hypertension in 42.7% and impaired fas?ng glucose level in 25.7% of police personnel. Half of the study police personnel had a family history of NCDs and it was not sta?s?cally significant with service experience. There was a strong associa?on between years of experience and tobacco and alcohol use. Organiza?onal and opera?onal stress levels increased with the increase in years of experience in policing (p-value<0. 01). Conclusion: Smoking and alcohol consump?on were more prevalent among Police personnel which need to be controlled. Physical inac?vity was another important area. Their a?tude towards controlling the risk factors and prac?cing healthy behavior to safeguard from cardiovascular diseases has to be strengthened. It can be done by conduc?ng regular awareness camps, training sessions, and regular cardiac risk factor evalua?ons for all police personnel.

Simvastatin and Its Role in Anti - Inflammation and Cancer Therapy: A Review

3 - Hydroxy - 3 - methylglutaryl - coenzyme, a reductase inhibitors (statins) are widely used drugs to reduce lipid levels by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis. Simvastatin, a lipophilic statin is one of the most frequently prescribed statin drugs throughout th e world due to profound reductions in LDL - C with excellent tolerability, with very little risk of important adverse effects, to a lower extent. It also reduce triglycerides and increase high - density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Beside this, studies on simvastatin have shown to exhibit numerous pleiotropic effects, has beneficial effect on endothelial function, smooth muscle cell function, haemostasis, vascular wall function, LDL oxidation, kidney diseases, inflammation and anticarcinogenic effects on ma ny types of cancer including prostate, breast hepatic and colon carcinoma. In this review, we present a

Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) - A Critical Scientific Review

Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are taking the biggest toll on human health since the last few decades. Around the middle of the 20th century, morbidity and mortality due to CVDs began to increase exponentially due to drastic change in lifestyle and rapid urbanization. At that point of time a very little was known about its causes or risk factors. Identification of risk factors is crucial in planning the treatment and prevention strategies for any disease. Profound research works have been conducted worldwide to identify risk factors of CVDs. Conventional risk factors like obesity, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, physical inactivity etc are already given due importance in risk prediction, prevention and management of CVDs. The risk assessment tools available at present are mainly based on these conventional risk factors. Even after adjusting the conventional risk factors, CVD related morbidity and mortality are still growing. Moreover CVDs are now reported at an early age. Hence there is also a need to identify novel risk factors which can be helpful in predicting and identifying CVDs earlier. The future of CVD risk assessment is an integration of both traditional as well as emerging risk factors for better prediction, diagnosis and planning therapeutic and preventive interventions of CVDs.

Dapagliflozin in the Landscape of Type 2 Diabetes Management

As per current statistics, India accounts for more than 74 million individuals living with diabetes. Many of these individuals have associated cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) comorbidities. Optimal glycemic management is important because uncontrolled glycemia may accelerate the macrovascular and microvascular complications, further aggravating the comorbid conditions. Metformin is used as the first-line therapy in most persons. However, there are some who do not tolerate metformin, are unable to achieve required glycemic targets or require greater efforts for cardiovascular (CV) risk reduction. These patients require an alternative hypoglycemic agent to be used as either monotherapy or as combination treatment with metformin, respectively. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are one such novel class of drugs that can be used as either monotherapy or as part of two drug (dual) or three drug (triple) combinations with other oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin. Dapagliflozin is a promising option for managing type 2 diabetes with CV and renal benefits, weight and blood pressure reducing properties. A low risk of hypoglycemia and drug-drug interactions are the added advantages. In this article, the authors have reviewed the existing clinical evidences on dapagliflozin and highlighted its place in the diabetes management landscape

Predicted 10-year Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Its Association with Sleep Duration among Adults in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#The study aims to predict 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and explore its association with sleep duration among Chinese urban adults.@*Methods@#We analyzed part of the baseline data of a cohort that recruited adults for health screening by cluster sampling. The simplified Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Framingham 10-year risk score (FRS) were used to measure sleep duration and CVD risk. Demographic characteristics, personal history of chronic diseases, lifestyle factors were collected using a questionnaire. Height, weight, total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were also measured. Multiple logistic regression models were performed to explore the association of sleep duration with the predicted CVD risk.@*Results@#We included 31, 135 participants (median age 44 years, 53.02% males) free of CVD, cerebral stroke, and not taking lipid-lowering agents. Overall, 14.05%, and 25.55% of participants were at medium and high predicted CVD risk, respectively. Short sleep was independently associated with increased odds of medium to high risk of predicted 10-year CVD among males ( @*Conclusion@#A substantial number of adults free of CVD were at high 10-year CVD risk. Short sleep was associated with increased odds of predicted CVD risk.

Status and trend of cardiovascular disease burden in China from a global perspective / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the epidemic trends and risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden in China from 1990 to 2019, based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019, by comparing with the world, the USA, Japan and India. Methods Data were obtained from the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) database, and the prevalence, incidence, mortality, disability adjusted life years (DALY) rate and main risk factors of CVD in China in 2019 were analyzed by gender and age. Age-standardized rates were used to compare the trends of CVD burden in the world and other four countries. Results In 2019, the number of CVD patients, incidences and deaths in China was 120.33 million, 12.34 million, and 4.58 million, respectively. The prevalence, morbidity, mortality and DALY rate increased from 4 235.43/100 000, 447.81/100 000, 204.75/100 000 and 5 091.03/100 000 in 1990 to 8 460.08/100 000, 867.65/100 000, 322.30/100 000, and 6 463.47/100 000 in 2019, respectively, all of which were increasing with age. The burden of CVD in males was higher than that in females. After eliminating the influence of population aging, the age-standardized mortality rate of CVD in China decreased from 381.21/100 000 in 1990 to 276.93/100 000 in 2019, and the age-standardized DALY rate decreased from 7 412.81/100 000 to 4 938.38/100 000. However, they were still slightly higher than those in the world and significantly higher than those in the USA and Japan. In addition, the leading four risk factors of CVD in China in 2019 were hypertension, dietary risks, air pollution and tobacco. A higher burden of CVD caused by all these factors in China were above the global average level. Conclusion Due to hypertension, dietary factors, air pollution, tobacco and other reasons, coupled with the rapid aging of the population, the burden of CVD in China is still very serious, and relevant departments need to pay more attention to it.

Discovery of an orally active VHL-recruiting PROTAC that achieves robust HMGCR degradation and potent hypolipidemic activity

HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) protein is usually upregulated after statin (HMGCR inhibitor) treatment, which inevitably diminishes its therapeutic efficacy, provoking the need for higher doses associated with adverse effects. The proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology has recently emerged as a powerful approach for inducing protein degradation. Nonetheless, due to their bifunctional nature, developing orally bioavailable PROTACs remains a great challenge. Herein, we identified a powerful HMGCR-targeted PROTAC (

High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP): Its relationship with metabolic syndrome and Framingham Risk Score

@#Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in Malaysia. Identification of asymptomatic at-risk individuals is often achieved by means of a risk prediction algorithm. Traditional CVD risk factors and their associated algorithms are, however, limited by residual CVD risk. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) has emerged as a novel CVD risk factor. This study aimed to evaluate hsCRP as an adjunct CVD risk marker among the adult Malaysian population by determining its correlation with the Framingham Risk Score (FRS). Comparison analyses were done according to sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory factors and between subjects with and without Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Method: This cross-sectional study involved eighty-three (n=83) adults attending a health screening program at Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Demographic data, anthropometric measurements and blood samples for fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting lipid profile (FSL), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and hsCRP were taken. Respondents were grouped according toFRSand the Joint Interim Statementinto 10-year CVD risk categories (low, intermediate and high) and MetS, respectively. Results: hsCRP was significantly increased in patients with high body mass index (BMI) (p=0.001), at-risk waist circumference (WC) (p=0.001) and MetS (p=0.009). Spearman’s correlation coefficient showed a significant positive correlation between hsCRP level and total FRS score (r=0.26, p<0.05) and HDL-C score (r=0.22, p<0.05). Conclusion: The significant difference of hsCRP levels across obesity levels and MetS with its modest correlation with FRS scores supported the adjunctive role of hsCRP in CVD risk prediction, most likely capturing the inflammatory pathological aspect and thus partly accounting for the residual CVD risk.

Lower Cut off Point for Blood Lead and Risk of Myocardial Infarction at a Tertiary Hospital in Malaysia: A Case-Control Study

@#Introduction Lead (Pb) is one of the pollutants that can cause adverse effects on human health. Exposure to Pb has received much attention in the past decades due to its nearly persistent properties in the environment. Blood Pb measurement is the most convenient as well as most feasible to indicate toxicity exceeded the standard limit of 10 μg/dL. This study aimed to assess the association between blood Pb and myocardial infarction. Methods This was a case-control study conducted at a tertiary hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This study enrolled about 109 respondents; 71 cases of myocardial infarction and 38 non-cases of myocardial infarction. Study instruments include questionnaires on demographic factors (age, gender, and ethnicity), socioeconomic factors (education, household income, occupation), and venous blood lead level. The blood Pb was measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results The median (IQR) of blood Pb among the case group was higher compared to the control groups, 3.72 (0.04 – 96.09) μg/dL and 2.81 (0.73 – 6.23) μg/dL respectively. No difference between high (> 10 μg/dL) and normal (<10 μg/dL) blood Pb with CVD. However, there was a significant association between high normal blood Pb concentration (≥ 5.00 µg/dL) and myocardial infarction (χ2 = 4.397; p = 0.036). Conclusions There is a relationship between lower blood Pb level and the occurrence of myocardial infarction. No difference was found between the blood Pb limit of 10 μg/dL and CVD. The findings of this study are very important and provide new information regarding the lower cut off point for blood Pb and outcome of CVD especially myocardial infarction..

Prevalence and determinants of cardiovascular disease in a rural area of Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu: a cross sectional study

Background: Cardio vascular disease (CVD) is the number 1 cause of death globally and an estimated 17.7 million people died from CVD in 2015, representing 31% of all global deaths. In India CVD accounts for 25% of all deaths. The objectives of the study was to estimate the prevalence of CVD among the study population and to determine the association between CVD and various risk factors.Methods: This is a cross sectional study carried out in the rural field practice area attached to SBMCH. The study group were 400 adults (20-60 years). The data was collected using a structured questionnaire containing socio-demographic particulars, details regarding CVD risk factors and physical measurements. Data was entered in MS Excel and analysed using SPSS 15 software.Results: Prevalence of CVD is 24.3% and of which hypertension (18%), coronary artery disease (6%), stroke (2.2%) and valvular heart disease (1%). The prevalence of risk factors are age >40 (63%), tobacco use (17.8%), alcohol use (22.3%), physical inactivity (52%), unhealthy diet (61.4%), obesity (19.7%), diabetes (13.6%) and positive family history (21.4%). There is a strong statistically significant association between CVD and age (p=0.008, OR-1.968), tobacco use (p<0.0001, OR-10.029), obesity (p<0.0001, OR-13.462) and positive family history (p<0.0001, OR-13.964).Conclusions: In this study prevalence of CVD is high. It is necessary to minimize the burden of growing CVD by controlling the rates of the risky behaviours by lifestyle modification and by increasing awareness regarding CVD.

Assessment of the Cardiovascular Risk of Persons with Hypertension and Diabetes Attending Clinics and Hypertension/Health Club Meetings in the AMIGA Municipalities of Cavite, Philippines using WHO/ISH Risk Prediction Charts

Objectives@#This study aims to (1) determine the cardiovascular risk of persons with hypertension and diabetes attending hypertension/diabetic clinics or hypertension/health club meetings in the AMIGA (Alfonso, Mendez, Indang, General Emilio Aguinaldo and Amadeo) municipalities of Cavite; (2) suggest measures to improve the cardiovascular disease (CVD) program in these municipalities using the results of the study. @*Methods@#A cross-sectional study was performed on patients diagnosed with hypertension and/or diabetes who are attending clinics or club meetings in the barangays of the five AMIGA municipalities of Cavite. Participants were interviewed using an abbreviated version of the World Health Organization (WHO) STEPS questionnaire on risk factors. The participants’ anthropometric measurements were obtained and their total blood cholesterol levels determined. CVD risk was then estimated using the WHO / International Society of Hypertension (ISH) risk prediction chart for the Western Pacific Region B. @*Results@#1,032 participants from 27 barangays qualified for the study. Participants were predominantly female (74%); over-all mean age was 58.43 years. The majority of the participants (79.17%) were found to be in the low-risk group; 11.34% were in the moderate risk group; 4.46% were in the high-risk group; while 5.05% were in the very high-risk group. Majority of the participants were also found to be obese. Mean total cholesterol was 207.02 mg/dl. @*Conclusion@#Majority of participants were stratified in the low-risk category (<10% chance to have cardiovascularevents in the next 10 years), while 9.5% were in the high-risk category (≥20% risk). Obesity is a major risk factor that could be addressed in this population.

A Cross Sectional Study Showing Correlation Of Bmi With Coronary Dominance

Coronary dominance is decided on the basis of the origin of posterior descending artery. There are 3 types of dominance, right, left and co-dominance. BMI (Body Mass Index) is a measure of body fat based on height and weight. On the basis of BMI, population is categorized into underweight, normal, overweight and obese. There has been studies to find a relation between BMI and cardiovascular disease but there has been a very few studies to find if there is a correlation between coronary dominance and BMI. Our study is aimed to find if there is a relationship between the two. Coronary dominance was assessed through angiograms and BMI by height and weight and statistical tools were applied to see the relationship.

Study of highly sensitive C-reactive protein in type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediction of cardiovascular risk with glycemic status

Inflammation plays a vital role in accentuating the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in diabetes mellitus. So, the measurements of inflammatory markers provide a method of assessing cardiovascular risk. Among the inflammatory markers, highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is used to detect the low-level inflammation when it is within the normal range. Also, hs-CRP measurement may be useful for assessment of the risk of complication in diabetes patients. So, the present study is conducted to measure plasma hs-CRP level in T2DM and to determine adequate glycaemic control reduces hs-CRP level. The objectives of this study were to correlate HbA1c and hs-CRP in T2DM and predict cardiovascular risk with glycaemic status.Methods: Authors took 50 diabetic patients. The investigation includes FBS, PPBS, hs-CRP and HbA1c. hs-CRP is measured by immunoturbidimetry method. The reports were collected and compared with normal reference range.Results: The correlation between hs-CRP levels and HbA1c level after six months show a significant relationship where mean HbA1c values on day 1 and after 6 months were 8.088±1.219 and 7.518±0.693 respectively. The hs-CRP values were 2.508±1.050 on day 1 and 2.15±0.927 after 6 months proving that better glycaemic controls decrease hs-CRP thereby decreasing cardiovascular risk.Conclusions: hs-CRP values are directly related to HbA1c and better glycaemic control reduces risk of CVD.

Metabolic syndrome and its socio demographic and behavioral correlates: a cross sectional study among adult patients attending medicine outpatient department in a tertiary care hospital, West Bengal

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a pre-condition for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) which are major contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide.Methods: The cross-sectional, observational study was conducted to estimate the proportion of MS and to explore crucial risk factors for MS among adult patients attending medicine OPD in a tertiary care hospital in West Bengal. The estimated final sample size was 315. Baseline socio demographic information and information on risk factors for MS, such as dietary habit, physical activity status, substance use, intake of related drugs, and presence of co-morbidities were collected by interviewing the patients with the help of a predesigned, pretested, structured schedule. Anthropometric measurements such as weight, height, waist circumference recordings were taken, and blood pressure was measured.Results: About 64% of the final study population (210/330) suffered from MS. On bivariate analysis, significant association between female gender (df=1, Pearson chi-square=5.06, p=0.024), weekly frequency of consumption of junk foods (df=3, Pearson chi-square=10.40, p=0.015) and obesity according to BMI (independent samples Mann-Whitney U test, p=0.010) at 5% level of significance were observed. Performing binary logistic regression analysis, obesity according to BMI (AOR=1.388, 95% CI=1.064-1.810) was found to be significant.Conclusions: Majority of the population suffered from MS who were mostly female, obese and consumers of junk foods. Appropriate interventional measures in terms of life style modification both at community and at tertiary care level are the need of the hour.

Association between Chronic Periodontitis and Serum Lipid Levels

Hyperlipidemia is a known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. A common biologic mechanism between systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, and periodontal diseases has been suggested. The aim of this study is to examine the association between blood lipid profile and periodontitis. Aim: To study the correlation between serum lipid profile and periodontitis. Methods: The levels of serum lipid profile in 60 subjects, 30 with chronic generalized periodontitis based on clinical attachment loss (CAL) constituting the test group and 30 without periodontitis constituting the control group, were measured and compared with each other. Both these groups were free from other systemic illnesses. Statistical Analysis: The mean CAL was positively correlated with serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (P < 0.01). Results: The mean serum LDL cholesterol (126.62) and total cholesterol (173.32) in periodontitis patients were found to be significantly higher as compared to that of the controls. The mean CAL (5.32 mm) was positively correlated with serum LDL cholesterol. The frequency of persons with pathologic values of LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol was significantly higher in periodontitis patients compared with that of the controls. Conclusion: These results showed that high serum LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol may be associated with periodontitis in otherwise healthy people. However, it is unclear whether periodontitis causes an increase in the levels of serum LDL.

Prevalence of risk factors and 10 year risk estimation of cardiovascular diseases among rural population of Mysuru, Karnataka

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are leading cause of death among non-communicable diseases (NCD). Many people in developing countries are detected late and die from NCDs, often in their most productive years. Prevention of CVD is an essential step to control the epidemic of NCDs. Thus, this study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of risk factors and to estimate the risk of CVD in the next 10 years.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 608 individuals aged ≥40 years in rural area of Mysuru. Data was collected using Semi structured questionnaire and 10 year CVD risk was estimated using World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension (WHO/ISH) risk prediction charts.Results: A total of 608 study participants (mean age 56.76±11.07 years; Male:Female ratio 1.2:1) were included in the study. The prevalence of tobacco (32.9%) and alcohol (20.1%) consumption was significantly higher among males compared with females. Hypertension, diabetes and obesity prevalence was 39.5%, 15.5% and 28.1% respectively. One-fifth of population had moderate (20-39%) estimated risk and 7.4% had very high (≥40%) risk of developing CVD event in next 10 years. The estimated high risk (≥30%) of CVD events was statistically higher among individuals who were non-literates, unemployed, physically inactive, middle and above socioeconomic status.Conclusions: In the present study, CVD risk factors and estimated risk of CVD were significantly prevalent in the rural population. The use of simple tools like WHO/ISH risk prediction charts to estimate CVD risk is recommended in low resource settings at Community level, as the benefit of screening outweighs the risk of missing an opportunity to prevent CVD.

Knowledge and Perceptions Toward Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Control in Saudi Arabia

Background: CKD is prevalent in most parts of the world. CKD can be prevented and controlled by controlling its underlinecauses. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to assess the knowledge and perception toward CKD preventionand control in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This was a prospective descriptive study which included 783 apparently healthySaudi volunteers, their ages ranged from 20 to 65 years with the mean age of 37 years. A purposeful questionnaire wasdesigned and used for obtaining data about the CKD. Results: Out of 783 contributors, 232(29.6%) were males and551(70.4%) were females, giving males' females' ratio of 1.00: 2.37. On asking the participants the question of “whethercontinuous doing renal function test for at risk individuals can reduce the burden of CKD,” about 85% agreed, and 15%disagreed. On asking the participants the question of “whether controlling HTN can reduce the burden of CKD,” about30.6% agreed and 69.3% disagreed. On asking the participants the question of “whether controlling DM can reduce theburden of CKD,” about 54.7% agreed and 45.3% disagreed. Conclusion: There was a relatively high positive attitude andknowledge toward CKD prevention and control among the educated Saudi population. Further efforts to promote healthknowledge, particularly among less educated section has been needed in order to increase the chances of CKD preventionand control.